reasons of Suicide, Self injury, Non-Suicidal Self injury.
Why would someone hurt themselves again and again.
No other kind of death leaves friends and relatives with such long lasting feelings of distress, shame, guilt, and puzzlement as does suicide.
We will focus on quantitative research on suicide, but those who study suicide learn from many different sources. many philosophers have written searchingly on the topic, including Descartes, Voltaire, Kant, Heidegger, and Camus. in addition, novelists such as Herman Melville and Leo Tolstoy have provided insights on suicide, as have writers who have killed themselves, such as Virginia Woolf and Sylvia Plath.
Suicidal Ideation
Suicidal ideation refers to thoughts of killing oneself and is much more common than attempted or completed suicide. Suicide attempts involve behaviours that are intended to cause death but do not result in death.
Suicide
Involves behaviours that are intended to cause death and actually do so.
Self-injury, Non Suicidal Self-injury
Involves behaviours that are meant to cause immediate bodily harm but are not intended to cause death.
Non-Suicidal Self-injury
Self injury is more common then suicide, it is practice by many who do not have Border line personality disorder .
Here it is describe how this behaviours is defined and some reasons it occurs.
There are two key issue to consider in defining non suicidal self injury.
- The first is that the person did not intend to cause death.
- The second is that the behaviour is designed to immediately cause injury.
Most commonly, people cut, hit or burn their body. Some include in scratching to the point of bleeding. without a doubt, through, there is a group of people who engage in serious attempts to hurt themselves.
The model profile is a person who tries non suicidal self injury infrequently less then 10 times during early adolescents and then stops.
A subset of people seems to persist in self injury. Sometimes reporting more than 50 incidents of self injury per year, and it is this profile of persistent non suicidal self injury that researchers are working to understand.
Why would someone hurt themselves again and again ? A fair amount of researches suggests that self injury often occurs when people are acutely distress, but that does not provide a very satisfying answer. Most people do not respond to emotional distress by hurting themselves. In a comprehensive review, there are many different reasons that people will hurt themselves. For some, the injury seems to help quell other negative emotions, such as anger, some report feeling satisfied after self injury because they have given themselves punishment that they believe they deserved.
The behaviour can also be reinforcing interpersonally. Others may respond by increasing support or by reducing aggression. Several studies provide evidence that those who are prone to self injury do seems to experience more intense emotions than others do, believe that they deserve to be punished, and report difficulty managing relationships constructively. Not only do they report intense emotionality, but they also show greater psychophysiological reactivity, feeling of self-hatred and being rejected were common just before incidents of self injury.
In an interview with BBC, princess Diana described reaching a point of such pain that she engaged in non-suicidal self-injury.
Models of Suicide
Suicide is such a complex and multifaceted act that no single model can help to explain it. Myths about suicide abound, highlighting the need for careful research. The study of suicide involve many different ethical questions and forces people to consider their own views on life and death.
Psychological Disorders
Many person with depression have suicidal thoughts and some engage in suicidal behaviours. More then half of those who try to kill themselves are depressed at the time and they act.
Other mental illness also are important in understanding suicide: as many as 90 percent of people who attempt suicide are suffering from a mental illness. Among people hospitalised for schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder or bipolar II disorder. impulse control disorder, substance use disorder, and borderline personality disorder are also each related to a higher risk of suicide actions. Even less severe mental disorders, such as panic disorder and eating disorders are associated with elevated risk of suicide.
Social Factors
Economic and social events have been shown to influence suicide rates.As one example, across the past 100 years, suicide rates have been shown to increase modestly during economic recessions.
Studies found that media coverage of a celebrity suicide is much more likely to spark an increase in suicidality than coverage of a non-celebrity suicide. Media reports of natural deaths of famous people are not followed by increase in suicide.
Social factors that are more directly relevant to the individual are also powerful predictors of suicidality. Social isolation and lack of . social belonging are among the most powerful predictors of suicidal ideation and behaviour.
The suicide of Nirvana's lead singer, Kurt Cobain, triggered an increase in suicide among teenagers.
Psychological Models
Suicide may have many different meanings, it many be intended to induce guilt in others, to force love from others, to make amends for wrongs, to rid oneself of unacceptable feelings, to rejoin a dead loved one, or to escape from emotional pain or an emotional vacuum. undoubtedly, the psychological variables involved in suicide vary across people, but many researches have identify the risk factors that operate across people.
Several researchers relate suicide to poor problem solving. Problem solving deficits do predict suicide attempts prospectively. Problem solving deficits also relate to the seriousness of previous suicide attempts, even after controlling for depression severity age, and intellectual functioning.
One might expect that a person who has trouble resolving problems would be more vulnerable to hopelessness. Hopelessness, which can be defined as that expectation that life will be no better in the future than it is now, is strongly tied to suicidality. High levels of hopelessness are associated with a fourfold elevation in the risk of suicide and hopelessness is important even after controlling for depression levels.
On march28,1941, at the age of 59, Virginia Woolf drowned herself in the river near her Sussex home. Two suicide notes were found in the house, similarly in content; one may have been written 10 days earlier, and its possible that she may have made an unsuccessful attempt then , for she returned from walk soaking wet, saying that she had fallen. The first was addressed to her sister Vanessa and the second to her husband, Leonard. to him, she wrote:
While many people think about suicide, relatively few engage in suicidal actions. among people who are experiencing suicidal thoughts, hundred of suicide documents that people who are more impulsive are more likely to attempt suicide or to die from suicide. While intense distress and hopelessness might set off thoughts about suicide, suicidal actions might be driven by other factors, such as impulsivity.
